The following sub-topics are covered in this section. 

(a) Food production 

(b) Selective breeding 

(c) Genetic modification (genetic engineering) 

(d) Cloning

Students should: 

5.17B describe the process of micropropagation (tissue culture) in which explants are grown in vitro 

5.18B understand how micropropagation can be used to produce commercial quantities of genetically identical plants with desirable characteristics 

5.19B describe the stages in the production of cloned mammals involving the introduction of a diploid nucleus from a mature cell into an enucleated egg cell, illustrated by Dolly the sheep 

5.20B understand how cloned transgenic animals can be used to produce human proteins