The following sub-topics are covered in this section. 

(a) Food production 

(b) Selective breeding 

(c) Genetic modification (genetic engineering) 

(d) Cloning

Students should: 

5.12 understand how restriction enzymes are used to cut DNA at specific sites and ligase enzymes are used to join pieces of DNA together 

5.13 understand how plasmids and viruses can act as vectors, which take up pieces of DNA, and then insert this recombinant DNA into other cells 

5.14 understand how large amounts of human insulin can be manufactured from genetically modified bacteria that are grown in a fermenter 

5.15 understand how genetically modified plants can be used to improve food production 

5.16 understand that the term transgenic means the transfer of genetic material from one species to a different species