The following sub-topics are covered in this section. 

(a) Level of organisation 

(b) Cell structure 

(c) Biological molecules 

(d) Movement of substances into and out of cells 

(e) Nutrition 

(f) Respiration 

(g) Gas exchange 

(h) Transport 

(i) Excretion 

(j) Co-ordination and response

Students should: 

2.2 describe cell structures, including the nucleus, cytoplasm, cell membrane, cell wall, mitochondria, chloroplasts, ribosomes and vacuole 

2.3 describe the functions of the nucleus, cytoplasm, cell membrane, cell wall, mitochondria, chloroplasts, ribosomes and vacuole 

2.4 know the similarities and differences in the structure of plant and animal cells 

2.5B explain the importance of cell differentiation in the development of specialised cells 

2.6B understand the advantages and disadvantages of using stem cells in medicine